英语笔记（四十八）
这节课我们会继续练习“过去完成”时态。这个时态所表达的就是对
于过去某个时间点来说，已经完成了某个动作。因此很显然，这个动作
可以是一个实义动词，比如 save，含义是“存“，had saved enough money
可以理解为对于过去某个时间来说，已经存了足够的钱。这里要注意的
是这个实义动词 save 要使用它的 ed 形式，也就是过去分词的形式
saved。
那么，如果某句话里没有实义动词，只有 be 的某个形式，那么应
该如何表达这个“过去完成”的时态呢？其实也是相同的逻辑，只需要把
任何形式的 be 改写为它的 ed 形式 been，并在前面添加 had 就可以
了。比如 I am abroad.这句话的含义是“我在国外”，更改为过去完成时
态的表达是“I had been abroad.”含义为过去的某个时间我曾经到过国
外。
因此，我们需要总结的规律是，过去完成时态也是和现在完成时态
相同的，变成过去分词/ed 形式的动词可以是实义动词，也可以是 be。
1
中文
英文
K.K.音标
存
to save
/tə/ /sev/
存(ed 形式)
saved
/sevd/
我们(过去已经)存
we had saved
/wi/ /hæd/ /sevd/
钱
money
/ˈmʌni/
足够的
enough
/ɪ’nʌf/
足够的钱
enough money
/ɪ’nʌf/ /ˈmʌni/
我们(过去已经)存了足够的钱
we had saved enough money
/wi/ /hæd/ /sevd/ /ɪ’nʌf/ /ˈmʌni/
购买
to buy
/tə/ /baɪ/
房子
house
/haʊs/
买一套房子
to buy a house
/tə/ /baɪ/ /ə/ /haʊs/
决定
to decide
/tə/ /dɪ’saɪd/
决定买一套房子
to decide to buy a house
/tə/ /dɪ’saɪd/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ə/ /haʊs/
我们决定买一套房子
we decide to buy a house
/wi/ /dɪ’saɪd/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ə/ /haʊs/
(过去)决定
decided
/dɪ’saɪdɪd/
我们(过去)决定买一套房子
we decided to buy a house
/wi/ /dɪ’saɪdɪd/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ə/ /haʊs/
在……之前
before
/bɪ’fɔr/
在我们(过去)决定买一套房子之前
before we decided to buy a house
/bɪ’fɔr/ /wi/ /dɪ’saɪdɪd/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ə/ /haʊs/
我们(过去已经)存了足够的钱
we had saved enough money
/wi/ /hæd/ /sevd/ /ɪ’nʌf/ /ˈmʌni/
在我们(过去)决定买一个房子之前，我们(过去已经)存了足够的钱。
we had saved enough money before we decided to buy a house
/wi/ /hæd/ /sevd/ /ɪ’nʌf/ /ˈmʌni/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /wi/ /dɪ’saɪdɪd/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ə/ /haʊs/
打扫
to clean
/tə/ /klin/
打扫(ed 形式)
cleaned
/klind/
他们(过去已经)打扫
they had cleaned
/ðe/ /hæd/ /klind/
房子
house
/haʊs/
他们(过去已经)打扫了那个房子
they had cleaned the house
/ðe/ /hæd/ /klind/ /ðə/ /haʊs/
整个
entire
/ɪnˈtaɪɚ/
他们(过去已经)打扫了整个房子
they had cleaned the entire house
/ðe/ /hæd/ /klind/ /ði/ /ɪnˈtaɪɚ/ /haʊs/
父母
parents
/‘pɛrənts/
他们的
their
/ðɛr/
他们的父母
their parents
/ðɛr/ /‘pɛrənts/
到达
to arrive
/tə/ /ə’raɪv/
(过去)达到
arrived
/ə’raɪvd/
他们的父母(过去)到达
their parents arrived
/ðɛr/ /‘pɛrənts/ /ə’raɪvd/
在他们的父母(过去)到达之前
before their parents arrived
/bɪ’fɔr/ /ðɛr/ /‘pɛrənts/ /ə’raɪvd/
他们(过去已经)打扫了整个房子
they had cleaned the entire house
/ðe/ /hæd/ /klind/ /ðə/ /ɪnˈtaɪɚ/ /haʊs/
在他们的父母(过去)到达之前，他们(过去已经)打扫了整个房子。
they had cleaned the entire house before their parents arrived
/ðe/ /hæd/ /klind/ /ði/ /ɪnˈtaɪɚ/ /haʊs/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /ðɛr/ /‘pɛrənts/ /ə’raɪvd/
2
搬家
move
/muv/
搬家(ed 形式)
moved
/muvd/
他们(过去已经)搬家
they had moved
/ðe/ /hæd/ /muvd/
城市
city
/‘sɪti/
新的
new
/nu/
一个新的城市
a new city
/ə/ /nu/ /‘sɪti/
他们(过去已经)搬家到了一个新的城市
they had moved to a new city
/ðe/ /hæd/ /muvd/ /tə/ /ə/ /nu/ /‘sɪti/
出生
to bear
/tə/ /bɛr/
出生(ed 形式)
born
/bɔrn/
被出生
be born
/bi/ /bɔrn/
那个婴儿
the baby
/ðə/ /‘bebi/
那个婴儿(过去)出生
the baby was born
/ðə/ /‘bebi/ /wəz/ /bɔrn/
在……之前
before
/bɪ’fɔr/
在那个婴儿(过去)出生之前
before the baby was born
/bɪ’fɔr/ /ðə/ /‘bebi/ /wəz/ /bɔrn/
他们(过去已经)搬家到了一个新的城市
they had moved to a new city
/ðe/ /hæd/ /muvd/ /tə/ /ə/ /nu/ /‘sɪti/
在那个婴儿(过去)出生之前他们(过去已经)搬到了一个新的城市
they had moved to a new city before the baby was born
/ðe/ /hæd/ /muvd/ /tə/ /ə/ /nu/ /‘sɪti/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /ðə/ /‘bebi/ /wəz/ /bɔrn/
计划
to plan
/tə/ /plæn/
计划(ed 形式)
planned
/plænd/
他们(过去已经)计划
they had planned
/ðe/ /hæd/ /plænd/
已经
already
/ɔl’rɛdi/
他们(过去)已经计划
they had already planned
/ðe/ /hæd/ /ɔl’rɛdi/ /plænd/
假期
vacation
/veˈkeʃn/
他们的
their
/ðɛr/
他们的假期
their vacation
/ðɛr/ /veˈkeʃn/
他们(过去)已经计划了他们的假期
they had already planned their vacation
/ðe/ /hæd/ /ɔl’rɛdi/ /plænd/ /ðɛr/ /veˈkeʃn/
邀请
to invite
/tə/ /ɪn’vaɪt/
邀请
invitation
/ɪnvɪ’teʃən/
那个邀请
the invitation
/ði/ /ɪnvɪ’teʃən/
收到
to receive
/tə/ /rɪ’siv/
收到那个邀请
to receive the invitation
/tə/ /rɪ’siv/ /ði/ /ɪnvɪ’teʃən/
(过去)收到
received
/rɪ’sivd/
(过去)收到那个邀请
received the invitation
/rɪ’sivd//ði/ /ɪnvɪ’teʃən/
他们(过去)收到那个邀请
they received the invitation
/ðe/ /rɪ’sivd//ði/ /ɪnvɪ’teʃən/
在……之前
before
/bɪ’fɔr/
在他们(过去)收到那个邀请之前
before they received the invitation
/bɪ’fɔr/ /ðe/ /rɪ’sivd//ði/ /ɪnvɪ’teʃən/
他们(过去)已经计划了他们的假期
they had already planned their vacation
/ðe/ /hæd/ /ɔl’rɛdi/ /plænd/ /ðɛr/ /veˈkeʃn/
3
在他们(过去)收到那个邀请之前他们(过去)已经计划了他们的假期
they had already planned their vacation before they received the invitation
/ðe/ /hæd/ /ɔl’rɛdi/ /plænd/ /ðɛr/ /veˈkeʃn/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /ðe/ /rɪ’sivd/ /ði/ /ɪnvɪ’teʃən/
离开
to leave
/tə/ /liv/
办公室
office
/ði/ /‘ɑfɪs/
离开办公室
to leave the office
/tə/ /liv/ /ði/ /‘ɑfɪs/
离开(ed 形式)
left
/lɛft/
她(过去已经)离开
she had left
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /lɛft/
她(过去已经)离开办公室
she had left the office
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /lɛft/ /ði/ /‘ɑfɪs/
刚刚
just
/dʒʌst/
她(过去已经)刚刚离开办公室
she had just left the office
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /dʒʌst/ /lɛft/ /ði/ /‘ɑfɪs/
老板
boss
/bɔs/
她的
her
/hɚ/
她的老板
her boss
/hɚ/ /bɔs/
打电话
to call
/tə/ /kɔl/
(过去)打电话
called
/kɔld/
她的老板(过去)打电话
her boss called
/hɚ/ /bɔs/ /kɔld/
当……时候
when
/wɛn/
当她的老板(过去)打电话的时候
when her boss called
/wɛn/ /hɚ/ /bɔs/ /kɔld/
她(过去已经)刚刚离开办公室
she had just left the office
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /dʒʌst/ /lɛft/ /ði/ /‘ɑfɪs/
她(过去已经)刚刚离开办公室当她的老板(过去)打电话的时候
she had just left the office when her boss called
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /dʒʌst/ /lɛft/ /ði/ /‘ɑfɪs/ /wɛn/ /hɚ/ /bɔs/ /kɔld/
任务
task
/tæsk/
紧急的
urgent
/‘ɝdʒənt/
一项紧急的任务
an urgent task
/ən/ /‘ɝdʒənt/ /tæsk/
她的老板(过去)打电话
her boss called
/hɚ/ /bɔs/ /kɔld/
她的老板(过去)打电话给她安排一项紧急的任务
her boss called with an urgent task
/hɚ/ /bɔs/ /kɔld/ /wɪð/ /ən/ /‘ɝdʒənt/ /tæsk/
当她的老板(过去)打电话给她安排一项紧急的任务的时候
when her boss called with an urgent task
/wɛn/ /hɚ/ /bɔs/ /kɔld/ /wɪð/ /ən/ /‘ɝdʒənt/ /tæsk/
她(过去已经)刚刚离开办公室
she had just left the office
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /dʒʌst/ /lɛft/ /ði/ /‘ɑfɪs/
当她的老板(过去)打电话给她安排一项紧急任务的时候她刚刚离开办公室
she had just left the office when her boss called with an urgent task
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /dʒʌst/ /lɛft/ /ði/ /‘ɑfɪs/ /wɛn/ /hɚ/ /bɔs/ /kɔld/ /wɪð/ /ən/ /‘ɝdʒənt/ /tæsk/
在国外
abroad
/ə’brɔd/
我在国外
I am abroad
/aɪ/ /æm/ /ə’brɔd/
be(ed 形式)
been
/bɪn/
我(已经)去过国外
I have been abroad
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /bɪn/ /ə’brɔd/
还没有
haven’t
/ˈhævnt/
我还没有去过国外
I haven’t been abroad
/aɪ/ /ˈhævnt/ /bɪn/ /ə’brɔd/
从来没有
never
/‘nɛvɚ/
我从来没有去过国外
I have never been abroad
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /ə’brɔd/
我(过去)从来没有去过国外
I had never been abroad
/aɪ/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /ə’brɔd/
4
她(过去)从来没有去过国外旅行
she had never been abroad trip
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /ə’brɔd/ /trɪp/
她的旅行
her trip
/hɚ/ /trɪp/
西班牙
Spain
/spen/
她的去西班牙的旅行
her trip to Spain
/hɚ/ /trɪp/ /tə/ /spen/
上一个
last
/læst/
年
year
/jɪr/
去年
last year
/læst/ /jɪr/
去年她的去西班牙的旅行
her trip to Spain last year
/hɚ/ /trɪp/ /tə/ /spen/ /læst/ /jɪr/
在……之前
before
/bɪ’fɔr/
在去年她的去西班牙的旅行之前
before her trip to Spain last year
/bɪ’fɔr/ /hɚ/ /trɪp/ /tə/ /spen/ /læst/ /jɪr/
她(过去)从来没有去过国外
she had never been abroad
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /ə’brɔd/
在去年她的去西班牙的旅行之前她(过去)从来没有去过国外
she had never been abroad before her trip to Spain last year
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /ə’brɔd/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /hɚ/ /trɪp/ /tə/ /spen/ /læst/ /jɪr/
国家
country
/ˈkʌntri/
外国的
foreign
/ˈfɔrən/
外国
a foreign country
/ə/ /ˈfɔrən/ /ˈkʌntri/
在国外
abroad
/ə’brɔd/
她(过去)从来没有去过国外
she had never been abroad
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /ə’brɔd/
她(过去)从来没有去过外国
she had never been to a foreign country
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /tə/ /ə/ /ˈfɔrən/ /ˈkʌntri/
在去年她的去西班牙的旅行之前
before her trip to Spain last year
/bɪ’fɔr/ /hɚ/ /trɪp/ /tə/ /spen/ /læst/ /jɪr/
在去年她的去西班牙的旅行之前她(过去)从来没有去过外国
she had never been to a foreign country before her trip to Spain last year
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /tə/ /ə/ /ˈfɔrən/ /ˈkʌntri/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /hɚ/ /trɪp/ /tə/ /spen/ /læst/ /jɪr/
她(过去)从来没有去过
she had never been
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/
加州
California
/ˌkælɪˈfɔrnjə/
她(过去)从来没有去过加州
she had never been to California
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /tə/ /ˌkælɪˈfɔrnjə/
夏天
summer
/‘sʌmɚ/
上一个
last
/læst/
去年夏天
last summer
/læst/ /‘sʌmɚ/
在……之前
before
/bɪ’fɔr/
在去年夏天之前
before last summer
/bɪ’fɔr/ /læst/ /‘sʌmɚ/
在去年夏天之前她(过去)从来没有去过加州
she had never been to California before last summer
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /tə/ /ˌkælɪˈfɔrnjə/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /læst/ /‘sʌmɚ/
迟到
late
/let/
她(过去)从来没有迟到过
she had never been late
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /let/
工作
work
/wɝk/
她(过去)从来没有上班迟到过
she had never been late to work
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /let/ /tə/ /wɝk/
5
天
day
/de/
那天
that day
/ðæt/ /de/
在那天之前
before that day
/bɪ’fɔr/ /ðæt/ /de/
在那天之前她(过去)从来没有上班迟到过
she had never been late to work before that day
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /bɪn/ /let/ /tə/ /wɝk/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /ðæt/ /de/
驾驶
to drive
/tə/ /draɪv/
驾驶(ed 形式)
driven
/‘drɪvn/
她(过去)从来没有驾驶过
she had never driven
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /‘drɪvn/
车
car
/kɑr/
她(过去)从来没有驾驶过一辆车
she had never driven a car
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /‘drɪvn/ /ə/ /kɑr/
驾驶
to drive
/tə/ /draɪv/
驾驶员
driver
/‘draɪvɚ/
执照
license
/‘laɪsns/
驾照
driver’s license
/‘draɪvɚz/ /‘laɪsns/
她的驾照
her driver’s license
/hɚ/ /‘draɪvɚz/ /‘laɪsns/
拿到
to get
/tə/ /ɡɛt/
(过去)拿到
got
/ɡɑt/
她(过去)拿到
she got
/ʃi/ /ɡɑt/
她(过去)拿到她的驾照
she got her driver’s license
/ʃi/ /ɡɑt/ /hɚ/ /‘draɪvɚz/ /‘laɪsns/
在她(过去)拿到她的驾照之前
before she got her driver’s license
/bɪ’fɔr/ /ʃi/ /ɡɑt/ /hɚ/ /‘draɪvɚz/ /‘laɪsns/
她(过去)从来没有驾驶过一辆车
she had never driven a car
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /‘drɪvn/ /ə/ /kɑr/
在她(过去)拿到她的驾照之前她(过去)从来没有驾驶过一辆车
she had never driven a car before she got her driver’s license
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘nɛvɚ/ /‘drɪvn/ /ə/ /kɑr/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /ʃi/ /ɡɑt/ /hɚ/ /‘draɪvɚz/ /‘laɪsns/
6
| 中文 | 原形 | 第三人称单数 | 过去式 | ing形式 | ed形式 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 想要 | want | wants | wanted | wanting | wanted |
| 喜欢 | like | likes | liked | liking | liked |
| 有；(+to)不得不 | have | has | had | having | had |
| 计划 | plan | plans | planned | planning | planned |
| 需要 | need | needs | needed | needing | needed |
| 做 | do | does | did | doing | done |
| 告诉 | tell | tells | told | telling | told |
| 说话 | talk | talks | talked | talking | talked |
| 是 | be(am) | is | was | being | been |
| 是 | be(is) | is | was | being | been |
| 是 | be(are) | is | were | being | been |
| 看到 | see | sees | saw | seeing | seen |
| 吃 | eat | eats | ate | eating | eaten |
| 喝 | drink | drinks | drank | drinking | drunk |
| 知道 | know | knows | knew | knowing | known |
| 忘记 | forget | forgets | forgot | forgetting | forgotten |
| 失去 | lose | loses | lost | losing | lost |
| 离开 | leave | leaves | left | leaving | left |
| 睡觉 | sleep | sleeps | slept | sleeping | slept |
| 明白 | understand | understands | understood | understand | understood |
| 买 | buy | buys | bought | buying | bought |
| 洗 | wash | washes | washed | washing | washed |
| 打电话 | call | calls | called | calling | called |
| 帮助 | help | helps | helped | helping | helped |
| 相信 | believe | believes | believed | believing | believed |
| 学习 | study | studies | studied | studying | studied |
| 解释 | explain | explains | explained | explaining | explained |
| 问 | ask | asks | asked | asking | asked |
| 飞 | fly | flies | flew | flying | flown |
| 阅读 | read | reads | read | reading | read |
| 走路 | walk | walks | walked | walking | walked |
| 跳舞 | dance | dances | danced | dancing | danced |
| 回答 | answer | answers | answered | answering | answerwd |
| 工作 | work | works | worked | working | worked |
| 待在 | stay | stays | stayed | staying | stayed |
| 支付 | pay | pays | paid | paying | paid |
| 旅行 | travel | travels | traveled | traveling | traveled |
| 给 | give | gives | gave | giving | given |
| 达到 | get | gets | got | getting | got |
| 锁 | loke | locks | locked | locking | locked |
| 记得 | remember | remenbers | remembered | remembering | remembered |
| 清理 | clean | cleans | cleaned | cleaning | cleaned |
| 找到 | find | finds | found | finding | found |
| 关闭 | close | closes | closed | closing | closed |
| 教 | teach | teaches | taught | teaching | taught |
| 展示 | show | shows | showed | showing | shown |
| 让 | let | lets | let | letting | let |
| 休息 | rest | rests | rested | resting | rested |
| 用 | use | uses | used | using | used |
| 做饭 | cook | cooks | cooked | cooking | cooked |
| 去 | go | goes | went | going | gone |
| 决定 | decide | decides | decided | deciding | decided |
| 驾驶 | drive | drives | drove | driving | driven |
| 改变 | change | changes | changed | changing | changed |
| 尝试 | try | tries | tried | trying | tried |
| 停止 | stop | stops | Stopped | stopping | stopped |
| 参加 | join | joins | joined | joining | joined |
| 邀请 | invite | invites | invited | inviting | invited |
| 拒绝 | refuse | refuses | refused | refusing | refused |
| 接受 | accept | accepts | accepted | accepting | accepted |
| 学习 | learn | learns | learnt | learning | learnt |
| 完成 | finish | finishes | finished | finishing | finished |
| 看 | watch | watches | watched | watching | watched |
| 游泳 | swim | swims | swam | swimming | swum |
| 掌握 | master | masters | mastered | mastering | mastered |
| 购物 | shop | shops | shopped | shopping | shopped |
| 等待 | wait | waits | waited | waiting | waited |
| 讨论 | discuss | discusses | Discussed | discussing | discussed |
| 面对 | face | faces | faced | facing | faced |
| 解决 | solve | solves | solved | solving | solved |
| 疑惑 | wonder | wonders | wondered | wondering | wondered |
| 递给 | hand | hands | handed | handing | handed |
| 玩 | play | plays | played | playing | played |
| 跑 | run | runs | ran | running | run |
| 挑战 | challenge | challenges | challenged | challenging | challenged |
| 希望 | hope | hopes | hoped | hoping | hoped |
| 见到 | meet | meets | met | meeting | met |
| 打开 | open | opens | opened | opening | opened |
| 认为 | think | thinks | thought | thinking | thought |
| 说话 | speak | speaks | spoke | speaking | spoken |
| 看 | look | looks | looked | looking | looked |
| 听 | hear | hears | heard | hearing | heard |
| 强迫 | force | forces | forced | forcing | forced |
| 操作 | handle | handles | handled | handling | handled |
| 握 | hold | holds | held | holding | held |
| 做 | make | makes | made | making | made |
| 承诺 | promise | promises | promised | promising | promised |
| 保持 | keep | keeps | kept | keeping | kept |
| 钓鱼 | fish | fishes | fished | fishing | fished |
| 保存 | save | saves | saved | saving | saved |
| 注意到 | notice | notices | noticed | noticing | noticed |
| 退出 | quit | quits | quit/quitted | quitting | quit/quitted |
| 抽烟 | smoke | smokes | smoked | smoking | smoked |
| 更喜欢 | prefer | prefers | preferred | preferring | preferred |
| 爱 | love | loves | loved | loving | Loved |
| 打破 | break | breaks | broke | breaking | broken |
| 享受 | enjoy | enjoys | enjoyed | enjoying | enjoyed |
| 练习 | practice | practices | practiced | practicing | practiced |
| 改善 | improve | improves | improved | improving | improved |
| 分享 | share | shares | shaed | sharing | shared |
| 假装 | pretend | pretends | pretended | pretending | pretended |
| 撒谎 | lie | lies | lied | lying | lied |
| 否认 | deny | denies | denied | denying | denied |
| 作画 | paint | paints | painted | painting | painted |
| 偷 | steal | steals | stole | stealing | stolen |
| 承认 | admit | admits | admitted | admitting | admitted |
| 避免 | avoid | avoids | avoided | avoiding | avoided |
| 感觉 | feel | feels | felt | feeling | felt |
| 复制 | copy | copies | copied | copying | copied |
| 保持 | maintain | maintains | maintained | maintaining | maintained |
| 伤害 | hurt | hurts | hurt | hurting | hurt |
| 乘坐 | take | takes | took | taking | taken |
| 保护 | protect | protects | protected | protecting | protected |
| 允许 | permit | permits | permitted | permitting | permitted |
| 禁止 | prohibit | prohibits | prohibited | prohibiting | prohibited |
| 笑 | laugh | laughs | laughed | laughing | laughed |
| 唱歌 | sing | sings | sang | singing | sung |
| 沉浸 | immerse | immerses | immersed | immersing | immersed |
| 骑自行车 | cycle | cycles | cycled | cycling | cycled |
| 参加 | attend | attends | attended | attending | attended |
| 举起 | lift | lifts | lifted | lifting | lifted |
| 设法做到 | manage | manges | managed | managing | managed |
| 写 | write | writes | wrote | writing | written |
| 克服 | overcome | overcome | overcame | overcoming | overcome |
| 访问 | visit | visits | visited | visiting | visited |
| 居住 | live | lives | lived | living | lived |
| 遗弃 | abandon | abandons | abandoned | abandoning | abandoned |
| 修理 | fix | fixes | fixed | fixing | fixed |
| 收到 | receive | receives | received | receiving | received |
| 装饰 | decorate | decorates | decorated | decorating | decorated |
| 搬家 | move | moves | moved | moving | moved |
| 设计 | design | designs | designed | designing | designed |
| 达到 | arrive | arrives | arrived | arriving | arrived |
| 改编 | adapt | adapts | adapted | adapting | adapted |
| 出生 | bear | bears | bore | bearing | born |
1. 在她（过去）去加州之前，
她（过去）从来没有看到过海洋。
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