英语笔记（五十四）
1
英文的句子里有一个非常常见嵌套结构，叫做“主语从句”，可以理
解为“主语”本来是一个名词，现在用“一句话”来代替这个名词。说起来
很复杂，其实非常简单。
主语从句最常见的结构是使用“what”这个词来引出下面的内容。
这个“what”不是疑问词，而是一个连接词，用来引导一个句子，整个
“what + 句子”在英文里就像一个“东西”一样，可以放在句首，做主语使
用。
比如我们来看下面这三句话：
What he needs now is some rest.
What they want is more time.
What I love about this job is the freedom.
这三句话看起来结构不同，其实都用了同样的语法结构：“What +
句子”作为主语，放在句首。
在第一句中，What he needs now 表示“他现在需要的东西”，这
个“东西”就是主语。整句话的意思是：他现在需要的是休息。
第二句中，What they want 表示“他们想要的东西”，这个“东西”是
主语，整句话的意思是：他们想要的是更多的时间。
2
第三句稍微复杂一点，What I love about this job 是“我喜欢这份
工作的地方”，这个“地方”或“方面”是主语，整句话的意思是：我喜欢这
份工作最重要的一点是它的自由。
可以看到，“what + 句子”这个结构可以把一个复杂的意思变成一
个整体的主语。掌握了这个结构，你就能轻松表达各种抽象的“事情”或
“内容”。
所以，不要怕长句子，只要你知道“what”引导的是一整个主语，后
面加上一个系动词“is”，你就可以清晰地表达出“是什么”这个核心意思。
3
中文
英文
K.K.音标
工作
to work
/tə/ /wɝk/
工作(ing 形式)
working
/‘wɝkɪŋ/
一直在做
have been doing
/hæv/ /bɪn/ /ˈduɪŋ/
一直在工作
have been working
/hæv/ /bɪn/ /‘wɝkɪŋ/
他一直在工作
he has been working
/hi/ /hæz/ /bɪn/ /‘wɝkɪŋ/
小时
hour
/‘aʊɚ/
十个小时
ten hours
/tɛn/ /‘aʊɚz/
持续十个小时
for ten hours
/fɚ/ /tɛn/ /‘aʊɚz/
他一直在工作，持续十个小时了
he has been working for ten hours
/hi/ /hæz/ /bɪn/ /‘wɝkɪŋ/ /fɚ/ /tɛn/ /‘aʊɚz/
一直在做……持续……
have been doing…for…
/hæv/ /bɪn/ /ˈduɪŋ/ /fɚ/
需要
to need
/tə/ /nid/
他需要
he needs
/hi/ /nidz/
什么
what /wɑt/
他需要的东西
what he needs
/wɑt/ /hi/ /nidz/
休息
rest /rɛst/
一些
some
/səm/
一些休息
some rest
/səm/ /rɛst/
他需要的东西是一些休息
what he needs is some rest
/wɑt/ /hi/ /nidz/ /ɪz/ /səm/ /rɛst/
现在
now
/naʊ/
他现在需要的东西是一些休息
what he needs now is some rest
/wɑt/ /hi/ /nidz/ /naʊ/ /ɪz/ /səm/ /rɛst/
此时此刻
right now
/raɪt/ /naʊ/
他此时此刻需要的东西是一些休息
what he needs right now is some rest
/wɑt/ /hi/ /nidz/ /raɪt/ /naʊ/ /ɪz/ /səm/ /rɛst/
他一直在工作，持续十个小时了
he has been working for ten hours
/hi/ /hæz/ /bɪn/ /‘wɝkɪŋ/ /fɚ/ /tɛn/ /‘aʊɚz/
他一直在工作，持续十个小时了 他此时此刻需要的东西是一些休息
he has been working for ten hours what he needs right now is some rest
/hi/ /hæz/ /bɪn/ /‘wɝkɪŋ/ /fɚ/ /tɛn/ /‘aʊɚz/ /wɑt/ /hi/ /nidz/ /raɪt/ /naʊ/ /ɪz/ /səm/ /rɛst/
他此时此刻需要的东西是一些休息
what he needs right now is some rest
/wɑt/ /hi/ /nidz/ /raɪt/ /naʊ/ /ɪz/ /səm/ /rɛst/
说
to say
/tə/ /se/
说(过去)
said
/sɛd/
你说
you said
/ju/ /sɛd/
什么
what
/wɑt/
你说的东西
what you said
/wɑt/ /ju/ /sɛd/
真的
true
/tru/
你说的东西是真的
what you said is true
/wɑt/ /ju/ /sɛd/ /ɪz/ /tru/
相信
to believe
/tə/ /bɪ’liv/
我相信
I believe
/aɪ/ /bɪ’liv/
4
我相信你说的东西是真的
I believe what you said is true
/aɪ/ /bɪ’liv/ /wɑt/ /ju/ /sɛd/ /ɪz/ /tru/
想要
to want
/tə/ /wɑnt/
他们想要
they want
/ðe/ /wɑnt/
他们想要的东西
what they want
/wɑt/ /ðe/ /wɑnt/
时间
time /taɪm/
更多的
more
/mɔr/
更多的时间
more time
/mɔr/ /taɪm/
他们想要的东西是更多的时间
what they want is more time
/wɑt/ /ðe/ /wɑnt/ /ɪz/ /mɔr/ /taɪm/
喜爱
to love
/tə/ /lʌv/
我喜爱
I love
/aɪ/ /lʌv/
我喜爱的东西
what I love
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /lʌv/
自由
free
/fri/
自由
freedom
/‘fridəm/
我喜爱的东西是自由
what I love is the freedom
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /lʌv/ /ɪz/ /ðə/ /‘fridəm/
工作
job
/dʒɑb/
这个工作
this job
/ðɪs/ /dʒɑb/
关于
about
/ə’baʊt/
关于这个工作
about this job
/ə’baʊt/ /ðɪs/ /dʒɑb/
关于这个工作我喜爱的东西
what I love about this job
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /lʌv/ /ə’baʊt/ /ðɪs/ /dʒɑb/
关于这个工作我喜爱的东西是自由
what I love about this job is the freedom
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /lʌv/ /ə’baʊt/ /ðɪs/ /dʒɑb/ /ɪz/ /ðə/ /‘fridəm/
想要
to want
/tə/ /wɑnt/
他想要
he wants
/hi/ /wɑnts/
什么
what
/wɑt/
他想要的东西
what he wants
/wɑt/ /hi/ /wɑnts/
昂贵
expensive
/ɪk’spɛnsɪv/
太
too
/tu/
太贵了
too expensive
/tu/ /ɪk’spɛnsɪv/
他想要的东西太贵了
what he wants is too expensive
/wɑt/ /hi/ /wɑnts/ /ɪz/ /tu/ /ɪk’spɛnsɪv/
购买
to buy
/tə/ /baɪ/
他想要的东西
what he wants
/wɑt/ /hi/ /wɑnts/
他想要购买的东西
what he wants to buy
/wɑt/ /hi/ /wɑnts/ /tə/ /baɪ/
他想要购买的东西太贵了
what he wants to buy is too expensive
/wɑt/ /hi/ /wɑnts/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ɪz/ /tu/ /ɪk’spɛnsɪv/
保存
to save
/tə/ /sev/
存款
saving
/sevɪŋ/
一些
some
/səm/
一些存款
some savings
/səm/ /sevɪŋ/
有
have
/hæv/
他有
he has
/hi/ /hæz/
他有一些存款
he has some savings
/hi/ /hæz/ /səm/ /sevɪŋ/
他想要购买的东西太贵了
what he wants to buy is too expensive
/wɑt/ /hi/ /wɑnts/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ɪz/ /tu/ /ɪk’spɛnsɪv/
5
但是
but
/bət/
但是他想要购买的东西太贵了
but what he wants to buy is too expensive
/bət/ /wɑt/ /hi/ /wɑnts/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ɪz/ /tu/ /ɪk’spɛnsɪv/
他有一些存款 但是他想要购买的东西太贵了
he has some savings but what he wants to buy is too expensive
/hi/ /hæz/ /səm/ /sevɪŋ/ /bət/ /wɑt/ /hi/ /wɑnts/ /tə/ /baɪ/ /ɪz/ /tu/ /ɪk’spɛnsɪv/
需要
to need
/tə/ /nid/
我们需要
we need
/wi/ /nid/
我们需要的东西
what we need
/wɑt/ /wi/ /nid/
现在
now
/naʊ/
我们现在需要的东西
what we need now
/wɑt/ /wi/ /nid/ /naʊ/
解决
to solve
/tə/ /sɑlv/
解决办法
solution
/səˈluʃn/
我们现在需要的东西是一个解决办法
what we need now is a solution
/wɑt/ /wi/ /nid/ /naʊ/ /ɪz/ /ə/ /səˈluʃn/
跑
to run
/tə/ /rʌn/
向外
out
/aʊt/
耗尽
to run out
/tə/ /rʌn/ /aʊt/
时间
time
/taɪm/
耗尽时间
to run out of time
/tə/ /rʌn/ /aʊt/ /əv/ /taɪm/
跑(ing 形式)
running
/‘rʌnɪŋ/
耗尽时间(ing 形式)
running out of time
/‘rʌnɪŋ/ /aʊt/ /əv/ /taɪm/
正在耗尽时间
be running out of time
/bi/ /‘rʌnɪŋ/ /aʊt/ /əv/ /taɪm/
我们正在耗尽时间
we are running out of time
/wi/ /ɚ/ /‘rʌnɪŋ/ /aʊt/ /əv/ /taɪm/
因为
because
/bɪ’kɔz/
因为我们正在耗尽时间
because we are running out of time
/bɪ’kɔz/ /wi/ /ɚ/ /‘rʌnɪŋ/ /aʊt/ /əv/ /taɪm/
我们现在需要的东西是一个解决办法
what we need now is a solution
/wɑt/ /wi/ /nid/ /naʊ/ /ɪz/ /ə/ /səˈluʃn/
因为我们正在耗尽时间 我们现在需要的东西是一个解决办法
because we are running out of time what we need now is a solution
/bɪ’kɔz/ /wi/ /ɚ/ /‘rʌnɪŋ/ /aʊt/ /əv/ /taɪm/ /wɑt/ /wi/ /nid/ /naʊ/ /ɪz/ /ə/ /səˈluʃn/
讨厌
to hate
/tə/ /het/
我讨厌
I hate
/aɪ/ /het/
我讨厌的东西
what I hate
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /het/
最
most
/most/
我最讨厌的东西
what I hate most
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /het/ /most/
醒
to wake
/tə/ /wek/
向上
up
/ʌp/
醒来
to wake up
/tə/ /wek/ /ʌp/
早
early
/ˈɚli/
早早地醒来
to wake up early
/tə/ /wek/ /ʌp/ /ˈɚli/
早早地醒来(ing 形式)
waking up early
/wekɪŋ/ /ʌp/ /ˈɚli/
6
我最讨厌的事情
what I hate most
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /het/ /most/
我最讨厌的事情是早早地醒来
what I hate most is waking up early
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /het/ /most/ /ɪz/ /wekɪŋ/ /ʌp/ /ˈɚli/
喜爱
to love
/tə/ /lʌv/
我喜爱
I love
/aɪ/ /lʌv/
周
week
/wik/
末
end
/ɛnd/
周末
weekend
/‘wikɛnd/
我喜爱周末
I love weekends
/aɪ/ /lʌv/ /‘wikɛndz/
因为
because
/bɪ’kɔz/
因为我最讨厌的事情是早早地醒来
because what I hate most is waking up early
/bɪ’kɔz/ /wɑt/ /aɪ/ /het/ /most/ /ɪz/ /wekɪŋ/ /ʌp/ /ˈɚli/
我喜爱周末因为我最讨厌的事情是早早地醒来
I love weekends because what I hate most is waking up early
/aɪ/ /lʌv/ /‘wikɛndz/ /bɪ’kɔz/ /wɑt/ /aɪ/ /het/ /most/ /ɪz/ /wekɪŋ/ /ʌp/ /ˈɚli/
我最讨厌的事情
what I hate most
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /het/ /most/
等
to wait
/tə/ /wet/
线
line
/laɪn/
在……里面
in
/ɪn/
在线里
in line
/ɪn/ /laɪn/
排队
to wait in line
/tə/ /wet/ /ɪn/ /laɪn/
排队(ing 形式)
waiting in line
/‘wetɪŋ/ /ɪn/ /laɪn/
我最讨厌的事情是排队
what I hate most is waiting in line
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /het/ /most/ /ɪz/ /‘wetɪŋ/ /ɪn/ /laɪn/
害怕
to fear
/tə/ /fɪr/
我害怕
I fear
/aɪ/ /fɪr/
我害怕的事情
what I fear
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /fɪr/
最
most
/most/
我最害怕的事情
what I fear most
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /fɪr/ /most/
失去
to lose
/tə/ /luz/
控制
control
/kən’trol/
失去控制
to lose control
/tə/ /luz/ /kən’trol/
失去控制(ing 形式)
losing control
/luzɪŋ/ /kən’trol/
我最害怕的事情
what I fear most
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /fɪr/ /most/
我最害怕的事情是失去控制
what I fear most is losing control
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /fɪr/ /most/ /ɪz/ /luzɪŋ/ /kən’trol/
记得
to remember
/tə/ /rɪ’mɛmbɚ/
我记得
I remember
/aɪ/ /rɪ’mɛmbɚ/
什么
what
/wɑt/
我记得的东西
what I remember
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /rɪ’mɛmbɚ/
最
most
/most/
我最记得的东西
what I remember most
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /rɪ’mɛmbɚ/ /most/
微笑
smile
/smaɪl/
她的微笑
her smile
/hɚ/ /smaɪl/
7
我最记得的东西是她的微笑
what I remember most is her smile
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /rɪ’mɛmbɚ/ /most/ /ɪz/ /hɚ/ /smaɪl/
想到
to think
/tə/ /θɪŋk/
我想到
I think
/aɪ/ /θɪŋk/
她
her
/hɚ/
我想到她
I think of her
/aɪ/ /θɪŋk/ /əv/ /hɚ/
当……时候
when /wɛn/
当我想到她的时候
when I think of her
/wɛn/ /aɪ/ /θɪŋk/ /əv/ /hɚ/
我最记得的东西是她的微笑
what I remember most is her smile
/wɑt/ /aɪ/ /rɪ’mɛmbɚ/ /most/ /ɪz/ /hɚ/ /smaɪl/
当我想到她的时候 我最记得的东西是她的微笑
when I think of her what I remember most is her smile
/wɛn/ /aɪ/ /θɪŋk/ /əv/ /hɚ/ /wɑt/ /aɪ/ /rɪ’mɛmbɚ/ /most/ /ɪz/ /hɚ/ /smaɪl/
8
| 中文 | 原形 | 第三人称单数 | 过去式 | ing 形式 | ed形式 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 想要 | want | wants | wanted | wanting | wanted |
| 喜欢 | like | likes | liked | liking | liked |
| 有；（＋to）不得不 | have | has | had | having | had |
| 计划 | plan | plans | planned | planning | planned |
| 需要 | need | needs | needed | needing | needed |
| 做 | do | does | did | doing | done |
| 告诉 | tell | tells | told | telling | told |
| 说话 | talk | talks | talked | talking | talked |
| 是 | be(am) | is | was | being | been |
| 是 | be(is) | is | was | being | been |
| 是 | be(are) | is | were | being | been |
| 看到 | see | sees | saw | seeing | seen |
| 吃 | eat | eats | ate | eating | eaten |
| 喝 | drink | drinks | drank | drinking | drunk |
| 知道 | know | knows | knew | knowing | known |
| 忘记 | forget | forgets | forgot | forgetting | forgotten |
| 失去 | lose | loses | lost | losing | lost |
| 离开 | leave | leaves | left | leaving | left |
| 睡觉 | sleep | sleeps | slept | sleeping | slept |
| 明白 | understand | understands | understood | understanding | understood |
| 买 | buy | buys | bought | buying | bought |
| 洗 | wash | washes | washed | washing | washed |
| 打电话 | call | calls | called | calling | called |
| 帮助 | help | helps | helped | helping | helped |
| 相信 | believe | believes | believed | believing | believed |
| 学习 | study | studies | studied | studying | studied |
| 解释 | explain | explains | explained | explaining | explained |
| 问 | ask | asks | asked | asking | asked |
| 飞 | fly | flies | flew | flying | flown |
| 阅读 | read | reads | read | reading | read |
| 走路 | walk | walks | walked | walking | walked |
| 跳舞 | dance | dances | danced | dancing | danced |
| 回答 | answer | answers | answered | answering | answered |
| 工作 | work | works | worked | working | worked |
| 待在 | stay | stays | stayed | staying | stayed |
| 支付 | pay | pays | paid | paying | paid |
| 旅行 | travel | travels | traveled | traveling | traveled |
| 给 | give | gives | gave | giving | given |
| 到达 | get | gets | got | getting | got |
| 锁 | lock | locks | locked | locking | locked |
| 记得 | remember | remembers | remembered | remembering | remembered |
| 清理 | clean | cleans | cleaned | cleaning | cleaned |
| 找到 | find | finds | found | finding | found |
| 关闭 | close | closes | closed | closing | closed |
| 教 | teach | teaches | taught | teaching | taught |
| 展示 | show | shows | showed | showing | shown |
| 让 | let | lets | let | letting | let |
| 休息 | rest | rests | rested | resting | rested |
| 用 | use | uses | used | using | used |
| 做饭 | cook | cooks | cooked | cooking | cooked |
| 去 | go | goes | went | going | gone |
| 决定 | decide | decides | decided | deciding | decided |
| 驾驶 | drive | drives | drove | driving | driven |
| 改变 | change | changes | changed | changing | changed |
| 尝试 | try | tries | tried | trying | tried |
| 停止 | stop | stops | stopped | stopping | stopped |
| 参加 | join | joins | joined | joining | joined |
| 邀请 | invite | invites | invited | inviting | invited |
| 拒绝 | refuse | refuses | refused | refusing | refused |
| 接受 | accept | accepts | accepted | accepting | accepted |
| 学习 | learn | learns | learnt/learned | learning | learnt/learned |
| 完成 | finish | finishes | finished | finishing | finished |
| 看 | watch | watches | watched | watching | watched |
| 游泳 | swim | swims | swam | swimming | swum |
| 掌握 | master | masters | mastered | mastering | mastered |
| 购物 | shop | shops | shopped | shopping | shopped |
| 等待 | wait | waits | waited | waiting | waited |
| 讨论 | discuss | discusses | discussed | discussing | discussed |
| 面对 | face | faces | faced | facing | faced |
| 解决 | solve | solves | solved | solving | solved |
| 疑惑 | wonder | wonders | wondered | wondering | wondered |
| 递给 | hand | hands | handed | handing | handed |
| 玩 | play | plays | played | playing | played |
| 跑 | run | runs | ran | running | run |
| 挑战 | challenge | challenges | challenged | challenging | challenged |
| 希望 | hope | hopes | hoped | hoping | hoped |
| 见到 | meet | meets | met | meeting | met |
| 打开 | open | opens | opened | opening | opened |
| 认为 | think | thinks | thought | thinking | thought |
| 说话 | speak | speaks | spoke | speaking | spoken |
| 看 | look | looks | looked | looking | looked |
| 听 | hear | hears | heard | hearing | heard |
| 强迫 | force | forces | forced | forcing | forced |
| 操作 | handle | handles | handled | handling | handled |
| 握 | hold | holds | held | holding | held |
| 做 | make | makes | made | making | made |
| 承诺 | promise | promises | promised | promising | promised |
| 保持 | keep | keeps | kept | keeping | kept |
| 钓鱼 | fish | fishes | fished | fishing | fished |
| 保存 | save | saves | saved | saving | saved |
| 注意到 | notice | notices | noticed | noticing | noticed |
| 退出 | quit | quits | quit/quitted | quitting | quit/quitted |
| 抽烟 | smoke | smokes | smoked | smoking | smoked |
| 更喜欢 | prefer | prefers | preferred | preferring | preferred |
| 爱 | love | loves | loved | loving | loved |
| 打破 | break | breaks | broke | breaking | broken |
| 享受 | enjoy | enjoys | enjoyed | enjoying | enjoyed |
| 练习 | practice | practices | practiced | practicing | practiced |
| 改善 | improve | improves | improved | improving | improved |
| 分享 | share | shares | shared | sharing | shared |
| 假装 | pretend | pretends | pretended | pretending | pretended |
| 撒谎 | lie | lies | lied | lying | lied |
| 否认 | deny | denies | denied | denying | denied |
| 作画 | paint | paints | painted | painting | painted |
| 偷 | steal | steals | stole | stealing | stolen |
| 承认 | admit | admits | admitted | admitting | admitted |
| 避免 | avoid | avoids | avoided | avoiding | avoided |
| 感觉 | feel | feels | felt | feeling | felt |
| 复制 | copy | copies | copied | copying | copied |
| 保持 | maintain | maintains | maintained | maintaining | maintained |
| 伤害 | hurt | hurts | hurt | hurting | hurt |
| 乘坐 | take | takes | took | taking | taken |
| 保护 | protect | protects | protected | protecting | protected |
| 允许 | permit | permits | permitted | permitting | permitted |
| 禁止 | prohibit | prohibits | prohibited | prohibiting | prohibited |
| 笑 | laugh | laughs | laughed | laughing | laughed |
| 唱歌 | sing | sings | sang | singing | sung |
| 沉浸 | immerse | immerses | immersed | immersing | immersed |
| 骑自行车 | cycle | cycles | cycled | cycling | cycled |
| 参加 | attend | attends | attended | attending | attended |
| 举起 | lift | lifts | lifted | lifting | lifted |
| 设法做到 | manage | manages | managed | managing | managed |
| 写 | write | writes | wrote | writing | written |
| 克服 | overcome | overcomes | overcame | overcoming | overcome |
| 访问 | visit | visits | visited | visiting | visited |
| 居住 | live | lives | lived | living | lived |
| 遗弃 | abandon | abandons | abandoned | abandoning | abandoned |
| 修理 | fix | fixes | fixed | fixing | fixed |
| 收到 | receive | receives | received | receiving | received |
| 装饰 | decorate | decorates | decorated | decorating | decorated |
| 搬家 | move | moves | moved | moving | moved |
| 设计 | design | designs | designed | designing | designed |
| 达到 | arrive | arrives | arrived | arriving | arrived |
| 改编 | adapt | adapts | adapted | adapting | adapted |
| 出生 | bear | bears | bore | bearing | born |
| 发送 | send | sends | sent | sending | sent |
| 出版 | publish | publishes | published | publishing | published |
| 建造 | construct | constructs | constructed | constructing | constructed |
| 修复 | repair | repairs | repaired | repairing | repaired |
| 宣布 | announce | announces | announced | announcing | announced |
| 翻译 | translate | translates | translated | translating | translated |
| 疏散 | evacuate | evacuates | evacuated | evacuating | evacuated |
| 蔓延 | spread | spreads | spread | spreading | spread |
| 停车 | park | parks | parked | parking | parked |
| 纠正 | correct | corrects | corrected | correcting | correct |
| 提交 | submit | submits | submitted | submitting | submitted |
| 卖 | sell | sells | sold | selling | sold |
| 非法入侵 | hack | hacks | hacked | hacking | hacked |
| 准备 | prepare | prepares | prepared | preparing | prepared |
| 返回 | return | returns | returned | returning | returned |
| 集合 | assemble | assembles | assembled | assembling | assembled |
| 浇水 | water | waters | watered | watering | watered |
| 完成 | complete | completes | completed | completing | completed |
| 讨厌 | hate | hates | hated | hating | hated |
| 醒 | wake | wakes | woke | waking | woken/waked |
| 害怕 | fear | fears | feared | fearing | feared |
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