英语笔记（四十三）
今天我们要介入一个新的时态的概念，叫做现在完成。从名称就可
以看得出来，这个时态所表达的内容是关于“现在”这个时间以及“完成”
这个状态的。
那么这个时态在英文中是如何表达的呢？我们从一个很熟悉的内
容开始讲起，之前曾经学习过一个时态叫做现在进行，它是由 am、is 或
者 are 加上一个动词的 ing 形式构成的，am/is/are 到底使用哪一个由人
称词，也就是主语决定。
所表达的含义是，现在，也就是此时此刻正在进行某个动作，我们
可以把这两个部分分开来理解，“现在”这个时间概念由“am/is/are”来表
达，进行的状态是由动词的 ing 形式来表达，两个词组合在一起表达现
在进行这个时态。
那么，我们应该如何表达现在完成呢？完成的状态，可以用使用动
词的 ed 形式来表达，注意，这里所说的 ed 形式可不是过去式，而是传
统语法教材里所说的过去分词。那么我们就把动词的 ing 形式换成动词
的 ed 形式来试一下，时间还是用 am/is/are 来表达。
你会发现，这个组合形式也很熟悉，be 加上动词的 ed 形式所表达
的不是我们需要的现在完成，而是被动语态。所以，简单地把 ing 形式
1
的动词更换为 ed 形式的动词是无法表达现在完成这个时态的。
这里其实还需要把 am/is/are 也换掉，我们需要的词是 have，这个
词单独出现时可以理解为“拥有”的含义，have 加上 to 再加上动词原形
又可以理解为“不得不”或者由于客观条件限制而产生的“必须”的含义。
在现在完成这个时态里，它的含义又发生了改变，have 没有了“拥
有”或者“不得不”的意思，它可以理解为是一个辅助的词，是为了组成现
在完成这个时态，所暗示时间信息而存在的，这个时间信息就是现在，
结合 ed 形式的动词所表达的完成的状态，共同组成现在完成这个时态。
这就是关于现在完成这个时态的练习，我们暂且把它理解为是对于
现在来说已经完成的动作，很显然，一个现在已经完成的动作，一定是
过去某个时间发生的，那是不是可以用一般过去式来表达呢？其实可以
的，现在完成时和一般过去式的微妙区别，我们会在后面的课程进行解
释。
下面，我们在连词成句里来进行练习。
2
中文
英文
K.K.音标
清洗
to wash
/tə/ /wɑʃ/
清洗(ing 形式)
washing
/‘wɑʃɪŋ/
正在清洗
be washing
/bi/ /‘wɑʃɪŋ/
我(现在)正在清洗
I am washing
/aɪ/ /æm/ /‘wɑʃɪŋ/
我的车
my car
/maɪ/ /kɑr/
我(现在)正在清洗我的车
I am washing my car
/aɪ/ /æm/ /‘wɑʃɪŋ/ /maɪ/ /kɑr/
正在清洗
be washing
/bi/ /‘wɑʃɪŋ/
清洗(ed 形式)
washed
/wɑʃt/
被清洗了
be washed
/bi/ /wɑʃt/
我的车
my car
/maɪ/ /kɑr/
我的车被清洗了
my car is washed
/maɪ/ /kɑr/ /ɪz/ /wɑʃt/
(已经)洗完了
have washed
/hæv/ /wɑʃt/
我(已经)洗完了我的车
I have washed my car
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /wɑʃt/ /maɪ/ /kɑr/
手
hand
/hænd/
我(已经)洗完了我的手
I have washed my hands
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /wɑʃt/ /maɪ/ /hændz/
完成
to finish
/tə/ /‘fɪnɪʃ/
完成(ed 形式)
finished
/‘fɪnɪʃt/
我(已经)完成了
I have finished
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/
家庭作业
homework
/‘homwɝk/
我的家庭作业
my homework
/maɪ/ /‘homwɝk/
我(已经)完成了我的家庭作业
I have finished my homework
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /maɪ/ /‘homwɝk/
我们
we
/wi/
我们(已经)完成了
we have finished
/wi/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/
项目
project
/ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
我们的项目
our project
/‘aʊɚ/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
我们(已经)完成了我们的项目
we have finished our project
/wi/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /‘aʊɚ/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
去
to go
/tə/ /ɡo/
公园
the park
/ðə/ /pɑrk/
去公园
to go to the park
/tə/ /ɡo/ /tə/ /ðə/ /pɑrk/
去(ed 形式)
gone
/ɡɔn/
(已经)去了
have gone
/hæv/ /ɡɔn/
他们(已经)去了
they have gone
/ðe/ /hæv/ /ɡɔn/
他们(已经)去了公园
they have gone to the park
/ðe/ /hæv/ /ɡɔn/ /tə/ /ðə/ /pɑrk/
阅读
to read
/tə/ /rid/
读(ed 形式)
read
/rɛd/
(已经)读过
have read
/hæv/ /rɛd/
我(已经)读过
I have read
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /rɛd/
那本书
that book
/ðæt/ /bʊk/
我(已经)读过那本书
I have read that book
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /rɛd/ /ðæt/ /bʊk/
次
time
/taɪm/
两次
two times
/tu/ /taɪmz/
3
两次
twice
/twaɪs/
我(已经)读过那本书两次了
I have read that book twice
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /rɛd/ /ðæt/ /bʊk/ /twaɪs/
学到
to learn
/tə/ /lɝn/
学到(ed 形式)
learned
/lɝnd/
(已经)学到了
have learned
/hæv/ /lɝnd/
我(已经)学到了
I have learned
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /lɝnd/
大量的
lot
/lɑt/
很多
a lot
/ə/ /lɑt/
我(已经)学到了很多
I have learned a lot
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /lɝnd/ /ə/ /lɑt/
课程
course
/kɔrs/
这个课程
this course
/ðɪs/ /kɔrs/
从
from
/frʌm/
从这个课程
from this course
/frʌm/ /ðɪs/ /kɔrs/
我从这个课程(已经)学到了很多
I have learned a lot from this course
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /lɝnd/ /ə/ /lɑt/ /frʌm/ /ðɪs/ /kɔrs/
提高
to improve
/tə/ /ɪmˈpruv/
提高(ed 形式)
improved
/ɪmˈpruvd/
(已经)提高了
have improved
/hæv/ /ɪmˈpruvd/
你(已经)提高了
you have improved
/ju/ /hæv/ /ɪmˈpruvd/
英文
English
/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
你的英文
your English
/jʊr/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
你(已经)提高了你的英文
you have improved your English
/ju/ /hæv/ /ɪmˈpruvd/ /jʊr/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
大量的
lot
/lɑt/
很多
a lot
/ə/ /lɑt/
你(已经)提高了你的英文很多
you have improved your English a lot
/ju/ /hæv/ /ɪmˈpruvd/ /jʊr/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ /ə/ /lɑt/
参观
to visit
/tə/ /‘vɪzɪt/
参观(ed 形式)
visited
/‘vɪzɪtɪd/
(已经)参观过
have visited
/hæv/ /‘vɪzɪtɪd/
我(已经)参观过
I have visited
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘vɪzɪtɪd/
墙
wall
/wɔl/
伟大的
great
/ɡret/
长城
The Great Wall
/ðə/ /ɡret/ /wɔl/
我(已经)参观过长城
I have visited The Great Wall
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘vɪzɪtɪd/ /ðə/ /ɡret/ /wɔl/
两次
twice
/twaɪs/
我(已经)参观过长城两次了
I have visited the Great Wall twice
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘vɪzɪtɪd/ /ðə/ /ɡret/ /wɔl/ /twaɪs/
写
to write
/raɪt/
写(ed 形式)
written
/‘rɪtn/
我(已经)写了
I have written
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘rɪtn/
书
book
/bʊk/
三本书
three books
/θri/ /bʊks/
我(已经)写了三本书
I have written three books
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘rɪtn/ /θri/ /bʊks/
4
职业生涯
career
/kəˈrɪr/
我的职业生涯
my career
/maɪ/ /kəˈrɪr/
在我的职业生涯里
in my career
/ɪn/ /maɪ/ /kəˈrɪr/
我在我的职业生涯里(已经)写了三本书
I have written three books in my career
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘rɪtn/ /θri/ /bʊks/ /ɪn/ /maɪ/ /kəˈrɪr/
教
to teach
/tə/ /titʃ/
教(ed 形式)
taught
/tɔt/
(已经)教
have taught
/hæv/ /tɔt/
我(已经)教了
I have taught
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /tɔt/
我(已经)教了你
I have taught you
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /tɔt/ /ju/
每一个
every
/‘ɛvri/
东西
thing
/θɪŋ/
一切
everything
/‘ɛvriθɪŋ/
我知道
I know
/aɪ/ /no/
我知道的一切
everything I know
/‘ɛvriθɪŋ/ /aɪ/ /no/
我(已经)教了你我知道的一切
I have taught you everything I know
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /tɔt/ /ju/ /‘ɛvriθɪŋ/ /aɪ/ /no/
我(已经)教了
I have taught
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /tɔt/
我自己
myself
/maɪ’sɛlf/
我(已经)教了我自己
I have taught myself
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /tɔt/ /maɪ’sɛlf/
玩
to play
/tə/ /ple/
钢琴
the piano
/ðə/ /pɪ’æno/
弹钢琴
to play the piano
/tə/ /ple/ /ðə/ /pɪ’æno/
如何
how
/haʊ/
如何弹钢琴
how to play the piano
/haʊ/ /tə/ /ple/ /ðə/ /pɪ’æno/
我(已经)自学了
I have taught myself
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /tɔt/ /maɪ’sɛlf/
我(已经)自学了如何弹钢琴
I have taught myself how to play the piano
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /tɔt/ /maɪ’sɛlf/ /haʊ/ /tə/ /ple/ /ðə/ /pɪ’æno/
居住
to live
/tə/ /lɪv/
居住(ed 形式)
lived
/lɪvd/
我(已经)居住了
I have lived
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /lɪvd/
城市
city
/‘sɪti/
这个
this city
/ðɪs/ /‘sɪti/
在这个城市里
in this city
/ɪn/ /ðɪs/ /‘sɪti/
我(已经)在这个城市里居住了
I have lived in this city
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /lɪvd//ɪn/ /ðɪs/ /‘sɪti/
年
year
/jɪr/
五年
five years
/faɪv/ /jɪrz/
我(已经)在这个城市里居住了五年了
I have lived in this city for five years
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /lɪvd//ɪn/ /ðɪs/ /‘sɪti/ /fɚ/ /faɪv/ /jɪrz/
工作
to work
/tə/ /wɝk/
工作(ed 形式)
worked
/wɝkt/
我(已经)工作了
I have worked
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /wɝkt/
公司
company
/ˈkʌmpəni/
5
那个公司
that company
/ðæt/ /ˈkʌmpəni/
在那个公司
at that company
/ət/ /ðæt/ /ˈkʌmpəni/
我(已经)在那个公司工作了
I have worked at that company
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /wɝkt/ /ət/ /ðæt/ /ˈkʌmpəni/
年
year
/jɪr/
三年
three years
/θri/ /jɪrz/
我(已经)在那个公司工作了三年了
I have worked at that company for three years
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /wɝkt/ /ət/ /ðæt/ /ˈkʌmpəni/ /fɚ/ /θri/ /jɪrz/
自从……以来
since
/sɪns/
2020
twenty twenty
/‘twɛnti/ /‘twɛnti/
自从 2020 年以来
since 2020
/sɪns/ /‘twɛnti/ /‘twɛnti/
我自从 2020 年以来(已经)在那个公司工作了
I have worked at that company since 2020
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /wɝkt/ /ət/ /ðæt/ /ˈkʌmpəni/ /sɪns/ /‘twɛnti/ /‘twɛnti/
学习
to study
/tə/ /‘stʌdi/
学习(ed 形式)
studied
/ˈstʌdid/
我们(已经)学习了
we have studied
/wi/ /hæv/ /ˈstʌdid/
英文
English
/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
我们(已经)学习了英文
we have studied English
/wi/ /hæv/ /ˈstʌdid/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
年
year
/jɪr/
三年
three years
/θri/ /jɪrz/
我们(已经)学习了英文三年了
we have studied English for three years
/wi/ /hæv/ /ˈstʌdid/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ /fɚ/ /θri/ /jɪrz/
自从……以来
since
/sɪns/
2020
twenty twenty
/‘twɛnti/ /‘twɛnti/
自从 2020 年以来
since 2020
/sɪns/ /‘twɛnti/ /‘twɛnti/
我们自从 2020 年以来(已经)学习英文了
we have studied English since 2020
/wi/ /hæv/ /ˈstʌdid/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ /sɪns/ /‘twɛnti/ /‘twɛnti/
6
| 中文 | 原形 | 第三人称单数 | 过去式 | ing形式 | ed形式 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 想要 | want | wants | wanted | wanting | wanted |
| 喜欢 | like | likes | liked | liking | liked |
| 有；(+to)不得不 | have | has | had | having | had |
| 计划 | plan | plans | planned | planning | planned |
| 需要 | need | needs | needed | needing | needed |
| 做 | do | does | did | doing | done |
| 告诉 | tell | tells | told | telling | told |
| 说话 | talk | talks | talked | talking | talked |
| 是 | be(am) | is | was | being | been |
| 是 | be(is) | is | was | being | been |
| 是 | be(are) | is | were | being | been |
| 看到 | see | sees | saw | seeing | seen |
| 吃 | eat | eats | ate | eating | eaten |
| 喝 | drink | drinks | drank | drinking | drunk |
| 知道 | know | knows | knew | knowing | known |
| 忘记 | forget | forgets | forgot | forgetting | forgotten |
| 失去 | lose | loses | lost | losing | lost |
| 离开 | leave | leaves | left | leaving | left |
| 睡觉 | sleep | sleeps | slept | sleeping | slept |
| 明白 | understand | understands | understood | understand | understood |
| 买 | buy | buys | bought | buying | bought |
| 洗 | wash | washes | washed | washing | washed |
| 打电话 | call | calls | called | calling | called |
| 帮助 | help | helps | helped | helping | helped |
| 相信 | believe | believes | believed | believing | believed |
| 学习 | study | studies | studied | studying | studied |
| 解释 | explain | explains | explained | explaining | explained |
| 问 | ask | asks | asked | asking | asked |
| 飞 | fly | flies | flew | flying | flown |
| 阅读 | read | reads | read | reading | read |
| 走路 | walk | walks | walked | walking | walked |
| 跳舞 | dance | dances | danced | dancing | danced |
| 回答 | answer | answers | answered | answering | answerwd |
| 工作 | work | works | worked | working | worked |
| 待在 | stay | stays | stayed | staying | stayed |
| 支付 | pay | pays | paid | paying | paid |
| 旅行 | travel | travels | traveled | traveling | traveled |
| 给 | give | gives | gave | giving | given |
| 达到 | get | gets | got | getting | got |
| 锁 | loke | locks | locked | locking | locked |
| 记得 | remember | remenbers | remembered | remembering | remembered |
| 清理 | clean | cleans | cleaned | cleaning | cleaned |
| 找到 | find | finds | found | finding | found |
| 关闭 | close | closes | closed | closing | closed |
| 教 | teach | teaches | taught | teaching | taught |
| 展示 | show | shows | showed | showing | shown |
| 让 | let | lets | let | letting | let |
| 休息 | rest | rests | rested | resting | rested |
| 用 | use | uses | used | using | used |
| 做饭 | cook | cooks | cooked | cooking | cooked |
| 去 | go | goes | went | going | gone |
| 决定 | decide | decides | decided | deciding | decided |
| 驾驶 | drive | drives | drove | driving | driven |
| 改变 | change | changes | changed | changing | changed |
| 尝试 | try | tries | tried | trying | tried |
| 停止 | stop | stops | Stopped | stopping | stopped |
| 参加 | join | joins | joined | joining | joined |
| 邀请 | invite | invites | invited | inviting | invited |
| 拒绝 | refuse | refuses | refused | refusing | refused |
| 接受 | accept | accepts | accepted | accepting | accepted |
| 学习 | learn | learns | learnt | learning | learnt |
| 完成 | finish | finishes | finished | finishing | finished |
| 看 | watch | watches | watched | watching | watched |
| 游泳 | swim | swims | swam | swimming | swum |
| 掌握 | master | masters | mastered | mastering | mastered |
| 购物 | shop | shops | shopped | shopping | shopped |
| 等待 | wait | waits | waited | waiting | waited |
| 讨论 | discuss | discusses | Discussed | discussing | discussed |
| 面对 | face | faces | faced | facing | faced |
| 解决 | solve | solves | solved | solving | solved |
| 疑惑 | wonder | wonders | wondered | wondering | wondered |
| 递给 | hand | hands | handed | handing | handed |
| 玩 | play | plays | played | playing | played |
| 跑 | run | runs | ran | running | run |
| 挑战 | challenge | challenges | challenged | challenging | challenged |
| 希望 | hope | hopes | hoped | hoping | hoped |
| 见到 | meet | meets | met | meeting | met |
| 打开 | open | opens | opened | opening | opened |
| 认为 | think | thinks | thought | thinking | thought |
| 说话 | speak | speaks | spoke | speaking | spoken |
| 看 | look | looks | looked | looking | looked |
| 听 | hear | hears | heard | hearing | heard |
| 强迫 | force | forces | forced | forcing | forced |
| 操作 | handle | handles | handled | handling | handled |
| 握 | hold | holds | held | holding | held |
| 做 | make | makes | made | making | made |
| 承诺 | promise | promises | promised | promising | promised |
| 保持 | keep | keeps | kept | keeping | kept |
| 钓鱼 | fish | fishes | fished | fishing | fished |
| 保存 | save | saves | saved | saving | saved |
| 注意到 | notice | notices | noticed | noticing | noticed |
| 退出 | quit | quits | quit/quitted | quitting | quit/quitted |
| 抽烟 | smoke | smokes | smoked | smoking | smoked |
| 更喜欢 | prefer | prefers | preferred | preferring | preferred |
| 爱 | love | loves | loved | loving | Loved |
| 打破 | break | breaks | broke | breaking | broken |
| 享受 | enjoy | enjoys | enjoyed | enjoying | enjoyed |
| 练习 | practice | practices | practiced | practicing | practiced |
| 改善 | improve | improves | improved | improving | improved |
| 分享 | share | shares | shaed | sharing | shared |
| 假装 | pretend | pretends | pretended | pretending | pretended |
| 撒谎 | lie | lies | lied | lying | lied |
| 否认 | deny | denies | denied | denying | denied |
| 作画 | paint | paints | painted | painting | painted |
| 偷 | steal | steals | stole | stealing | stolen |
| 承认 | admit | admits | admitted | admitting | admitted |
| 避免 | avoid | avoids | avoided | avoiding | avoided |
| 感觉 | feel | feels | felt | feeling | felt |
| 复制 | copy | copies | copied | copying | copied |
| 保持 | maintain | maintains | maintained | maintaining | maintained |
| 伤害 | hurt | hurts | hurt | hurting | hurt |
| 乘坐 | take | takes | took | taking | taken |
| 保护 | protect | protects | protected | protecting | protected |
| 允许 | permit | permits | permitted | permitting | permitted |
| 禁止 | prohibit | prohibits | prohibited | prohibiting | prohibited |
| 笑 | laugh | laughs | laughed | laughing | laughed |
| 唱歌 | sing | sings | sang | singing | sung |
| 沉浸 | immerse | immerses | immersed | immersing | immersed |
| 骑自行车 | cycle | cycles | cycled | cycling | cycled |
| 参加 | attend | attends | attended | attending | attended |
| 举起 | lift | lifts | lifted | lifting | lifted |
| 设法做到 | manage | manges | managed | managing | managed |
| 写 | write | writes | wrote | writing | written |
| 克服 | overcome | overcome | overcame | overcoming | overcome |
| 访问 | visit | visits | visited | visiting | visited |
| 居住 | live | lives | lived | living | lived |
1. 我(已经)丢了我的工作。
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