英语笔记（四十七）
我们在这节课学习的内容是一个新的时态，叫做“过去完成”。我们
已经在之前的课程里学习了“现在完成”，指的是对于现在这个时间点来
说，某个动作已经完成，使用的结构是 have/has+ed 动词，其中 have/has
用来表达时间，ed 形式的动词用来表达状态，时间加状态统称“时态”。
而“过去完成”表达的含义和“现在完成”非常类似，仅仅是时间不同，
我们只需要把 have/has 换成过去式 had 即可，had+ed 动词就是“过去
完成”时态的结构，其中 had 表达的是时间在过去，ed 动词表达的状态
是完成，时间和状态一起表达“过去完成”。
1
中文
英文
K.K.音标
聪明的
smart
/smɑrt/
人
person
/‘pɝsn/
聪明的人
smart person
/smɑrt/ /‘pɝsn/
最聪明的
the smartest
/ðə/ /‘smɑrtɪst/
最聪明的人
the smartest person
/ðə/ /‘smɑrtɪst/ /‘pɝsn/
认识
to know
/tə/ /no/
认识(ed 形式)
known
/non/
我曾经……
I have ever
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘ɛvɚ/
我曾经认识
I have ever known
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /non/
最聪明的人
the smartest person
/ðə/ /‘smɑrtɪst/ /‘pɝsn/
我曾经认识的最聪明的人
the smartest person I have ever known
/ðə/ /‘smɑrtɪst/ /‘pɝsn/ /aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /non/
她是
she is
/ʃi/ /ɪz/
她是我曾经认识的最聪明的人
she is the smartest person I have ever known.
/ʃi/ /ɪz/ /ðə/ /‘smɑrtɪst/ /‘pɝsn/ /aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /non/
我曾经知道
I have ever known
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /non/
他曾经知道
he has ever known
/hi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /non/
动物
animal
/‘ænɪml/
危险的
dangerous
/ˈdendʒərəs/
危险的动物
dangerous animal
/ˈdendʒərəs/ /‘ænɪml/
最
the most
/ðə/ /most/
最危险的
the most dangerous
/ðə/ /most/ /ˈdendʒərəs/
最危险的动物
the most dangerous animal
/ðə/ /most/ /ˈdendʒərəs/ /‘ænɪml/
他曾经知道
he has ever known
/hi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /non/
他曾经知道的最危险的动物
the most dangerous animal he has ever known
/ðə/ /most/ /ˈdendʒərəs/ /‘ænɪml/ /hi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /non/
这是
this is
/ðɪs/ /ɪz/
这是他曾经知道的最危险的动物
this is the most dangerous animal he has ever known
/ðɪs/ /ɪz/ /ðə/ /most/ /ˈdendʒərəs/ /‘ænɪml/ /hi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /non/
他曾经……
he has ever
/hi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/
她曾经……
she has ever
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/
建议
advice
/əd’vaɪs/
好的
good
/ɡʊd/
好的建议
good advice
/ɡʊd/ /əd’vaɪs/
最好的
the best
/ðə/ /bɛst/
最好的建议
the best advice
/ðə/ /bɛst/ /əd’vaɪs/
给
to give
/tə/ /ɡɪv/
给(ed 形式)
given
/ˈɡɪvn/
她曾经……
she has ever
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/
她曾经给
she has ever given
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /ˈɡɪvn/
我
me
/mi/
2
她曾经给我
she has ever given me
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /ˈɡɪvn/ /mi/
最好的建议
the best advice
/ðə/ /bɛst/ /əd’vaɪs/
她曾经给我的最好的建议
the best advice she has ever given me
/ðə/ /bɛst/ /əd’vaɪs/ /ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /ˈɡɪvn/ /mi/
这是
this is
/ðɪs/ /ɪz/
这是她曾经给我的最好的建议
this is the best advice she has ever given me
/ðɪs/ /ɪz/ /ðə/ /bɛst/ /əd’vaɪs/ /ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /ˈɡɪvn/ /mi/
她曾经……
she has ever
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/
阿权曾经……
Aquan has ever
/hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/
设计
to design
/tə/ /dɪˈzaɪn/
设计(ed 形式)
designed
/dɪˈzaɪnd/
阿权曾经设计
Aquan has ever designed
/hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /dɪˈzaɪnd/
挑战
to challenge
/tə/ /‘tʃælɪndʒ/
有挑战性的
challenging
/ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/
最
the most
/ðə/ /most/
最有挑战性的
the most challenging
/ðə/ /most/ /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/
课程
course
/kɔrs/
最有挑战性的课程
the most challenging course
/ðə/ /most/ /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/ /kɔrs/
阿权曾经设计
Aquan has ever designed
/hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /dɪˈzaɪnd/
阿权曾经设计的最有挑战性的课程
the most challenging course Aquan has ever designed
/ðə/ /most/ /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/ /kɔrs/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /dɪˈzaɪnd/
这是
this is
/ðɪs/ /ɪz/
这是阿权曾经设计的最有挑战性的课程
this is the most challenging course Aquan has ever designed
/ðɪs/ /ɪz/ /ðə/ /most/ /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/ /kɔrs/ /hæz/ /‘ɛvɚ/ /dɪˈzaɪnd/
阿权(已经)设计
Aquan has designed
/hæz/ /dɪˈzaɪnd/
课程
course
/kɔrs/
英文
English
/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
英文课程
English course
/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ /kɔrs/
多个
several
/‘sɛvrəl/
多个英文课程
several English courses
/‘sɛvrəl/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ /kɔrsɪz/
阿权(已经)设计了多个英文课程
Aquan has designed several English courses
/hæz/ /dɪˈzaɪnd/ /‘sɛvrəl/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ /kɔrsɪz/
访问
to visit
/tə/ /‘vɪzɪt/
访问(ed 形式)
visited
/‘vɪzɪtɪd/
她(已经)访问
she has visited
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘vɪzɪtɪd/
法国
France
/fræns/
她(已经)访问过法国
she has visited France
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘vɪzɪtɪd/ /fræns/
次
time
/taɪm/
三次
three times
/θri/ /taɪmz/
她(已经)访问过法国三次
she has visited France three times
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘vɪzɪtɪd/ /fræns/ /θri/ /taɪmz/
完成
to finish
/tə/ /‘fɪnɪʃ/
3
完成(ed 形式)
finished
/‘fɪnɪʃt/
他们(已经)完成
they have finished
/ðe/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/
项目
project
/ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
他们的
their
/ðɛr/
他们的项目
their project
/ðɛr/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
他们(已经)完成了他们的项目
they have finished their project
/ðe/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /ðɛr/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
我们(已经)完成了我们的项目
we have finished our project
/wi/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /‘aʊɚ/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
我(已经)完成了我的项目
I have finished my project
/aɪ/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /maɪ/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
你(已经)完成了你的项目
you have finished your project
/ju/ /hæv/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /jʊr/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
他(已经)完成了他的项目
he has finished his project
/hi/ /hæz/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /hɪz/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
她(已经)完成了她的项目
she has finished her project
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /hɚ/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
阿权(已经)完成了他的项目
Aquan has finished his project
/hæz/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /hɪz/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
它(已经)完成了它的项目
it has finished its project
/ɪt/ /hæz/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /ɪts/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
她(已经)完成了她的项目
she has finished her project
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /hɚ/ /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/
家庭作业
homework
/‘homwɝk/
她(已经)完成了她的家庭作业
she has finished her homework
/ʃi/ /hæz/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /hɚ/ /‘homwɝk/
她(过去已经)完成了她的家庭作业
she had finished her homework
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /hɚ/ /‘homwɝk/
去
to go
/tə/ /ɡo/
外面
out
/aʊt/
去外面
to go out
/tə/ /ɡo/ /aʊt/
玩
to play
/tə/ /ple/
去外面玩
to go out to play
/tə/ /ɡo/ /aʊt/ /tə/ /ple/
她去外面玩
she goes out to play
/ʃi/ /ɡoz/ /aʊt/ /tə/ /ple/
(过去)去
went
/wɛnt/
她(过去)去外面玩
she went out to play
/ʃi/ /wɛnt/ /aʊt/ /tə/ /ple/
在……之前
before
/bɪ’fɔr/
在她(过去)去外面玩之前
before she went out to play
/bɪ’fɔr/ /ʃi/ /wɛnt/ /aʊt/ /tə/ /ple/
她(过去已经)完成了她的家庭作业
she had finished her homework
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /hɚ/ /‘homwɝk/
在她(过去)去外面玩之前，她(过去已经)完成了她的家庭作业
she had finished her homework before she went out to play
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘fɪnɪʃt/ /hɚ/ /‘homwɝk/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /ʃi/ /wɛnt/ /aʊt/ /tə/ /ple/
离开
to leave
/tə/ /liv/
离开(ed 形式)
left
/lɛft/
他们(过去已经)离开
they had left
/ðe/ /hæd/ /lɛft/
派对
party
/‘pɑrti/
他们(过去已经)离开了那个派对
they had left the party
/ðe/ /hæd/ /lɛft/ /ðə/ /‘pɑrti/
到达
to arrive
/tə/ /ə’raɪv/
(过去)到达
arrived
/ə’raɪvd/
我(过去)到达
I arrived
/aɪ/ /ə’raɪvd/
4
在……之前
before
/bɪ’fɔr/
在我(过去)到达之前
before I arrived
/bɪ’fɔr/ /aɪ/ /ə’raɪvd/
他们(过去已经)离开了那个派对
they had left the party
/ðe/ /hæd/ /lɛft/ /ðə/ /‘pɑrti/
在我(过去)到达之前，他们(过去已经)离开了那个派对
they had left the party before I arrived.
/ðe/ /hæd/ /lɛft/ /ðə/ /‘pɑrti/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /aɪ/ /ə’raɪvd/
吃
to eat
/tə/ /it/
吃(ed 形式)
eaten
/‘itn/
她(过去已经)吃
she had eaten
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘itn/
晚饭
dinner
/‘dɪnɚ/
她(过去已经)吃了晚饭
she had eaten dinner
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /‘itn/ /‘dɪnɚ/
已经
already
/ɔl’rɛdi/
她(过去)已经吃了晚饭
she had already eaten dinner
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /ɔl’rɛdi/ /‘itn/ /‘dɪnɚ/
到达
to arrive
/tə/ /ə’raɪv/
(过去)到达
arrived
/ə’raɪvd/
我(过去)到达
I arrived
/aɪ/ /ə’raɪvd/
家
home
/hom/
我(过去)到达家
I arrived home
/aɪ/ /ə’raɪvd/ /hom/
当……的时候
when
/wɛn/
当我(过去)到达家的时候
when I arrived home
/wɛn/ /aɪ/ /ə’raɪvd/ /hom/
她(过去)已经吃了晚饭
she had already eaten dinner
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /ɔl’rɛdi/ /‘itn/ /‘dɪnɚ/
当我(过去)到达家的时候她(过去)已经吃了晚饭
she had already eaten dinner when I arrived home
/ʃi/ /hæd/ /ɔl’rɛdi/ /‘itn/ /‘dɪnɚ/ /wɛn/ /aɪ/ /ə’raɪvd/ /hom/
阅读
to read
/tə/ /rid/
阅读(ed 形式)
read
/rɛd/
我(过去已经)阅读
I had read
/aɪ/ /hæd/ /rɛd/
那本书
the book
/ðə/ /bʊk/
我(过去已经)阅读过那本书
I had read the book
/aɪ/ /hæd/ /rɛd/ /ðə/ /bʊk/
改编
to adapt
/tə/ /əˈdæpt/
改编
adaptation
/ˌædæpˈteʃn/
那个电影
the movie
/ðə/ /‘muvi/
那个电影改编
the movie adaptation
/ðə/ /‘muvi/ /ˌædæpˈteʃn/
看
to watch
/tə/ /wɑtʃ/
(过去)看
watched
/wɑtʃt/
(过去)看那个电影改编
watched the movie adaptation
/wɑtʃt/ /ðə/ /‘muvi/ /ˌædæpˈteʃn/
我(过去)看那个电影改编
I watched the movie adaptation
/aɪ/ /wɑtʃt/ /ðə/ /‘muvi/ /ˌædæpˈteʃn/
在……之前
before
/bɪ’fɔr/
在我(过去)看那个电影改编之前
before I watched the movie adaptation
/bɪ’fɔr/ /aɪ/ /wɑtʃt/ /ðə/ /‘muvi/ /ˌædæpˈteʃn/
我(过去已经)阅读过那本书
I had read the book
/aɪ/ /hæd/ /rɛd/ /ðə/ /bʊk/
在我(过去)看那个电影改编之前我(过去已经)阅读过那本书
I had read the book before I watched the movie adaptation.
/aɪ/ /hæd/ /rɛd/ /ðə/ /bʊk/ /bɪ’fɔr/ /aɪ/ /wɑtʃt/ /ðə/ /‘muvi/ /ˌædæpˈteʃn/
5
| 中文 | 原形 | 第三人称单数 | 过去式 | ing形式 | ed形式 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 想要 | want | wants | wanted | wanting | wanted |
| 喜欢 | like | likes | liked | liking | liked |
| 有；(+to)不得不 | have | has | had | having | had |
| 计划 | plan | plans | planned | planning | planned |
| 需要 | need | needs | needed | needing | needed |
| 做 | do | does | did | doing | done |
| 告诉 | tell | tells | told | telling | told |
| 说话 | talk | talks | talked | talking | talked |
| 是 | be(am) | is | was | being | been |
| 是 | be(is) | is | was | being | been |
| 是 | be(are) | is | were | being | been |
| 看到 | see | sees | saw | seeing | seen |
| 吃 | eat | eats | ate | eating | eaten |
| 喝 | drink | drinks | drank | drinking | drunk |
| 知道 | know | knows | knew | knowing | known |
| 忘记 | forget | forgets | forgot | forgetting | forgotten |
| 失去 | lose | loses | lost | losing | lost |
| 离开 | leave | leaves | left | leaving | left |
| 睡觉 | sleep | sleeps | slept | sleeping | slept |
| 明白 | understand | understands | understood | understand | understood |
| 买 | buy | buys | bought | buying | bought |
| 洗 | wash | washes | washed | washing | washed |
| 打电话 | call | calls | called | calling | called |
| 帮助 | help | helps | helped | helping | helped |
| 相信 | believe | believes | believed | believing | believed |
| 学习 | study | studies | studied | studying | studied |
| 解释 | explain | explains | explained | explaining | explained |
| 问 | ask | asks | asked | asking | asked |
| 飞 | fly | flies | flew | flying | flown |
| 阅读 | read | reads | read | reading | read |
| 走路 | walk | walks | walked | walking | walked |
| 跳舞 | dance | dances | danced | dancing | danced |
| 回答 | answer | answers | answered | answering | answerwd |
| 工作 | work | works | worked | working | worked |
| 待在 | stay | stays | stayed | staying | stayed |
| 支付 | pay | pays | paid | paying | paid |
| 旅行 | travel | travels | traveled | traveling | traveled |
| 给 | give | gives | gave | giving | given |
| 达到 | get | gets | got | getting | got |
| 锁 | loke | locks | locked | locking | locked |
| 记得 | remember | remenbers | remembered | remembering | remembered |
| 清理 | clean | cleans | cleaned | cleaning | cleaned |
| 找到 | find | finds | found | finding | found |
| 关闭 | close | closes | closed | closing | closed |
| 教 | teach | teaches | taught | teaching | taught |
| 展示 | show | shows | showed | showing | shown |
| 让 | let | lets | let | letting | let |
| 休息 | rest | rests | rested | resting | rested |
| 用 | use | uses | used | using | used |
| 做饭 | cook | cooks | cooked | cooking | cooked |
| 去 | go | goes | went | going | gone |
| 决定 | decide | decides | decided | deciding | decided |
| 驾驶 | drive | drives | drove | driving | driven |
| 改变 | change | changes | changed | changing | changed |
| 尝试 | try | tries | tried | trying | tried |
| 停止 | stop | stops | Stopped | stopping | stopped |
| 参加 | join | joins | joined | joining | joined |
| 邀请 | invite | invites | invited | inviting | invited |
| 拒绝 | refuse | refuses | refused | refusing | refused |
| 接受 | accept | accepts | accepted | accepting | accepted |
| 学习 | learn | learns | learnt | learning | learnt |
| 完成 | finish | finishes | finished | finishing | finished |
| 看 | watch | watches | watched | watching | watched |
| 游泳 | swim | swims | swam | swimming | swum |
| 掌握 | master | masters | mastered | mastering | mastered |
| 购物 | shop | shops | shopped | shopping | shopped |
| 等待 | wait | waits | waited | waiting | waited |
| 讨论 | discuss | discusses | Discussed | discussing | discussed |
| 面对 | face | faces | faced | facing | faced |
| 解决 | solve | solves | solved | solving | solved |
| 疑惑 | wonder | wonders | wondered | wondering | wondered |
| 递给 | hand | hands | handed | handing | handed |
| 玩 | play | plays | played | playing | played |
| 跑 | run | runs | ran | running | run |
| 挑战 | challenge | challenges | challenged | challenging | challenged |
| 希望 | hope | hopes | hoped | hoping | hoped |
| 见到 | meet | meets | met | meeting | met |
| 打开 | open | opens | opened | opening | opened |
| 认为 | think | thinks | thought | thinking | thought |
| 说话 | speak | speaks | spoke | speaking | spoken |
| 看 | look | looks | looked | looking | looked |
| 听 | hear | hears | heard | hearing | heard |
| 强迫 | force | forces | forced | forcing | forced |
| 操作 | handle | handles | handled | handling | handled |
| 握 | hold | holds | held | holding | held |
| 做 | make | makes | made | making | made |
| 承诺 | promise | promises | promised | promising | promised |
| 保持 | keep | keeps | kept | keeping | kept |
| 钓鱼 | fish | fishes | fished | fishing | fished |
| 保存 | save | saves | saved | saving | saved |
| 注意到 | notice | notices | noticed | noticing | noticed |
| 退出 | quit | quits | quit/quitted | quitting | quit/quitted |
| 抽烟 | smoke | smokes | smoked | smoking | smoked |
| 更喜欢 | prefer | prefers | preferred | preferring | preferred |
| 爱 | love | loves | loved | loving | Loved |
| 打破 | break | breaks | broke | breaking | broken |
| 享受 | enjoy | enjoys | enjoyed | enjoying | enjoyed |
| 练习 | practice | practices | practiced | practicing | practiced |
| 改善 | improve | improves | improved | improving | improved |
| 分享 | share | shares | shaed | sharing | shared |
| 假装 | pretend | pretends | pretended | pretending | pretended |
| 撒谎 | lie | lies | lied | lying | lied |
| 否认 | deny | denies | denied | denying | denied |
| 作画 | paint | paints | painted | painting | painted |
| 偷 | steal | steals | stole | stealing | stolen |
| 承认 | admit | admits | admitted | admitting | admitted |
| 避免 | avoid | avoids | avoided | avoiding | avoided |
| 感觉 | feel | feels | felt | feeling | felt |
| 复制 | copy | copies | copied | copying | copied |
| 保持 | maintain | maintains | maintained | maintaining | maintained |
| 伤害 | hurt | hurts | hurt | hurting | hurt |
| 乘坐 | take | takes | took | taking | taken |
| 保护 | protect | protects | protected | protecting | protected |
| 允许 | permit | permits | permitted | permitting | permitted |
| 禁止 | prohibit | prohibits | prohibited | prohibiting | prohibited |
| 笑 | laugh | laughs | laughed | laughing | laughed |
| 唱歌 | sing | sings | sang | singing | sung |
| 沉浸 | immerse | immerses | immersed | immersing | immersed |
| 骑自行车 | cycle | cycles | cycled | cycling | cycled |
| 参加 | attend | attends | attended | attending | attended |
| 举起 | lift | lifts | lifted | lifting | lifted |
| 设法做到 | manage | manges | managed | managing | managed |
| 写 | write | writes | wrote | writing | written |
| 克服 | overcome | overcome | overcame | overcoming | overcome |
| 访问 | visit | visits | visited | visiting | visited |
| 居住 | live | lives | lived | living | lived |
| 遗弃 | abandon | abandons | abandoned | abandoning | abandoned |
| 修理 | fix | fixes | fixed | fixing | fixed |
| 收到 | receive | receives | received | receiving | received |
| 装饰 | decorate | decorates | decorated | decorating | decorated |
| 搬家 | move | moves | moved | moving | moved |
| 设计 | design | designs | designed | designing | designed |
| 达到 | arrive | arrives | arrived | arriving | arrived |
| 改编 | adapt | adapts | adapted | adapting | adapted |
1. 在我们（过去）决定买一个房子之前，
我们（过去已经）存了足够的钱。
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